John H. Diepold, Jr., Ph.D. and David M. Goldstein, Ph.D.
Moorestown, NJ

Abstract

As identified by QEEG, statistically abnormal brain wave patterns were observed when a person thought about a trauma compared to thinking about a neutral (baseline) event. Re-assessment of brain wave patterns (to the traumatic memory) immediately after Thought Field Therapy (TFT) diagnosis and treatment revealed that the previous abnormal pattern was altered, and no longer statistically abnormal. An 18-month follow-up indicated that the patient continued to be free of all emotional upset regarding the treated trauma. This case study supports the concept that trauma-based negative emotions do have a correlated and measurable abnormal energetic effect. In addition, this study objectively identified an immediate energetic change after TFT in the direction of normalcy and health, which has persisted.

Introduction

Purpose of this Study

This study set out to investigate the impact of Thought Field Therapy (TFT) on the brain wave patterns of a patient suffering with severe Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with unrelenting flashbacks of abuse. The authors hypothesized that statistically aberrant brain wave patterns would be evident when thinking about the trauma compared to a non-traumatic event. It was further hypothesized that changes in brain wave patterns would be immediately discernable as neutralized (without statistical abnormality relative to the baseline) after successful treatment with TFT even while thinking about the abuse.

The authors were also interested in addressing collegial concern that there needs to be more evidence to support the effectiveness of TFT, and the rapid rate in which negative emotions are relieved. The present study was intended to provide one step in the direction toward providing an objective basis regarding the effectiveness of TFT in a trauma case involving PTSD.

Thought Field Therapy

The psychotherapy approach known as Thought Field Therapy (TFT) originated in the work of clinical psychologist Roger J. Callahan, Ph.D. (e.g., 1985) who introduced his findings as The Callahan Techniques™ nearly 20 years ago. Callahan's intriguing conceptualization about the nature of psychological problems, and the rapid alleviation of emotional distress, has increasingly caught the attention of psychotherapists pursuing more efficient and effective treatment methods.

Thought Field Therapy (TFT) can be an extraordinarily precise psychotherapy that utilizes instant feedback from the patient's mind-body-energy system when employing muscle-testing and the diagnostic component of TFT. The specifics of the TFT diagnostic and treatment procedure used with this case study will be described in the Methods section under the Procedure heading.

With roots in clinical psychology, Applied Kinesiology, and Traditional Chinese Medicine, TFT uses imagery and/or cognitions, affect, and the acupuncture meridians as gateways to neutralize emotional disturbance. Thought Field Therapy also incorporates information and theory from quantum physics and biology in building a unique theoretical base that serve to speculate on the cause of psychological problems and the rapid healing and changes that occur. The resulting therapeutic effects are remarkably quick, fundamentally thorough, and challenge the paradigms of traditional psychotherapy.

Thought Field Therapy can be defined as an integrated, meridian-based, mind/body /energy psychotherapy, which includes diagnostic and treatment procedures performed while the patient is attuned to their problem. In TFT, the negative emotions are alleviated through gentle activation of designated acupuncture points, which serves to neutralize or eliminate the theorized energetic cause of the experienced problem. Thought Field Therapy involves a conceptual paradigm shift compared to traditional psychotherapy yet this approach blends easily with mainstream interventions. The systematic use of the body's subtle energy system with thought and emotion, and the rapid rate in which emotional problems resolve, warranted further psychological investigation.

Callahan (e.g., 1996) theorized from the work of Bohm and Hiley (1993) that perturbations in a person's thought field contain active, energetic information that influences or causes the experience of emotional disturbance. The absence of perturbations would therefore indicate an absence of negative emotion. Negative emotion can be operationally defined as upsetting and/or unwanted emotion about which the person attributes no beneficial purpose. Successful psychotherapy thus results from the neutralization and/or "subsumption" of these hypothetical perturbations, which underlie the psychopathology. Perturbations, in Callahan's theory, are isolable and subtle aspects of an individual's thought field, which can be recognized via a systematic diagnostic procedure. Once identified, perturbations are quickly eliminated and/or neutralized by treating designated acupuncture meridian point(s) on the body. One might liken a thought field to a freshly ironed tablecloth, and ensuing wrinkles as perturbations. Ironing the wrinkles away is analogous to successful treatment whereby the perturbations are subsumed. Callahan further speculated that since TFT operates at a microstate of energetic influence, changes at this level are more fundamental than (and thus influence) the body's biochemistry, neuro-electrical activity, cognition, affect and behavior. Callahan believes that resulting changes in the body's energy system are primary, and thus account for the quick and robust results.

Humans are electromagnetic beings, and thus evidence body polarity (Tiller, 1997). In electricity, polarity can be described as the condition of being positive or negative in relation to a magnetic pole. The flow of energy in the desired direction can become disrupted, and even reversed. The dedicated work of orthopedic surgeon, Robert Becker, MD (1985, 1990) clearly demonstrates how disruption and reversal of electric energy flow in the human body, indicated by measures of polarity, can prevent healing. It appears the same also holds true for psychological healing.

Chiropractor George Goodheart, the originator of Applied Kinesiology, observed that an individual would manual muscle-test strong when thinking about something pleasant, and weak when thinking about something unpleasant (Walther, 1988). The same phenomenon holds true when thinking about something true compared to false. Goodheart related this interesting phenomenon to changes brought about in the body's energy system, which he connected to the acupuncture meridian system. This observation caught the interest of psychiatrist, John Diamond, who studied with Goodheart. Of relevance was Diamond's observation that some individuals would muscle- test in a reversed fashion: testing weak to a pleasant or positive statement and strong to an unpleasant or negative statement. Diamond (1988) called this phenomenon a "reversal of the body morality". He observed that under this condition healing could not occur because life energy was not being properly directed, and recommended, for example, the patient routinely take brain RNA with choline to correct this anomaly.

Callahan (1981) similarly observed the same reversed muscle-testing phenomena, and described it as "psychological reversal". Callahan has described Psychological Reversal (PR) as a state of being for the individual such that when they are attuned to a thought field they experience a polarized energy reversal. The condition of PR blocks both natural healing and effective treatment. Callahan has also referred to PR as a type of self-sabotage reflected in self-defeating attitudes and behaviors. After a PR is corrected, the stage is set for psychological (and physical) healing to occur. However, PR should not be considered as a form of "secondary gain", or of conscious intent.

The psychological community has often viewed the manual muscle-testing procedure referenced above through skeptical eyes. The lack of evidence to support the validity, reliability, and the proneness of the procedure to manipulation served to justify the skepticism of the untrained. However it was concluded, in a landmark study by Monti, Sinnott, Marchese, Kunkel and Greeson (1999), that "significant differences were found in muscle test responses between congruent and incongruent stimuli" in this carefully controlled and electronically sophisticated research. Use of a dynamometer and specialized computer software permitted this study to control for potential examiner bias while acquiring precise information about the subject's muscle response.

Scientific research to better understand the neuro-physiological mechanisms and energetic correlates of TFT is sparse. Callahan (1998) reported that rouleaux, the absence of healthy face color caused by red blood cell clumping, was completely alleviated in a flu stricken woman after 8 minutes of TFT algorithm treatment. The results were reported to correlate exactly with her report of distress, facial coloration, and percent of red blood cell clumping as verified by microscope analysis. Thought Field Therapy algorithms have also had a marked and positive impact on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) measurements, when pre and post TFT treatment results were compared (Callahan, 2001). Heart Rate Variability technology is thought to yield information about the autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning by quantifying variations in the space between heartbeats, and is not allegedly impacted by placebo. It appears that TFT enables a normalizing adjustment to take place in the mind/body/energy system effecting heart and ANS functioning.

The Electroencephalograph

Brain activity has long been revered in science as holding keys to understanding human behavior and experience. The Electroencephalograph (EEG) is a method of measuring voltages on the scalp, which reflect brain activity. However, the exact meaning of the voltages, and how voltage originates in the brain, remains speculative. The primary medical use for EEG involves the study of human sleep cycles, and to assist in the diagnosis of seizure disorders. A major drawback of the EEG is that it does not precisely localize the parts of the brain, which are having problems. Other brain imaging techniques (e.g. PET, MRI) are better in this respect. However, the major advantage of the EEG is that it is noninvasive, inexpensive, and more readily available than the other brain imaging techniques.

The potential of the EEG to help in diagnosis and treatment has been enhanced by the advent of QEEG procedures. The Q stands for Quantitative aspects of the EEG. With QEEG, the EEG data is analyzed by computer software into evaluative properties. As with other medical and psychological tests, the QEEG has norms, which permit objective delineation as to whether a person's QEEG results fall within or outside of the normal range for a particular property. Statistical patterns of QEEG results, called discriminant functions, have been used in the diagnosis of closed head injury, and in various psychiatric conditions. Hughes and John (2000) provide a good summary of the clinical work with conventional and quantitative EEG. The QEEG has been used to guide Neurofeedback. The general strategy is to provide Neurofeeback training, which will have the impact of correcting the deviation from normal noted in the QEEG Evaluation (Thatcher, 1999).

Method

Subject

The patient is a woman in her thirties. Her parents had frequently and severely abused her (physically and sexually) throughout her life. After leaving home, there was abuse from a male student/friend, and then a husband. She is bright, and talented. She is a college graduate and had been able to function adequately in the work world until recently. When she began to experience frightening flashbacks of abuse there was a suicide attempt, which lead to a psychiatric hospitalization and placement on disability. She was being seen in individual psychotherapy two times a week by the second author, and took medications for anxiety and depression (Klonopin, 1mg; Synthroid, .1 mg; Neurontin 800 mg bid; Inderal LA 80 mg; Effecxor 37.5 mg; Flonase 2 puffs). At the time of this study, the diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) was suspected but not confirmed.

Research Design

The design can be described as A1 A2 B3 C4 A5 B6. Before and after the TFT treatment (condition C4), the patient was asked to clear her mind (condition A1) and attend to neutral thoughts or memories. As a check on test-retest reliability using this method, two initial five-minute baseline sessions of QEEG data were collected on condition A (A1 and A2). To engage the distressing thought field, she was then asked to think about the traumatic flashback experience (condition B3). The distressing Thought Field, Condition B, was evaluated before (B3) and after (B6) the TFT treatment. For each A and B condition a full 5 minutes of QEEG data was acquired while she closed her eyes and stayed as motionless as possible. In addition, verbal reports and observational data were recorded. The TFT diagnostic and treatment condition (C4) lasted about 20 minutes.

QEEG Hardware, Software, and Procedures

The EEG data was collected with a Lexicor NRS-24. The patient was fitted with a medium sized Electrocap. The patient sat in a recliner chair. The standard for electrode impedance was less than 5K. The above system provides 19 channels of EEG data. There was an additional channel to monitor eye movement data for later editing purposes. After the EEG data was collected, it was edited to eliminate non-EEG artifacts. The artifact free EEG data was sent through the NeuroRep software, which produced the QEEG reports.

Procedure

After the subject was properly fitted and connected to the QEEG apparatus, brain activity readings were obtained by the second author for conditions A1, A2, and B3. The subject was then disconnected from the QEEG apparatus but leaving her Electrocap on as not to disrupt the scalp contacts. The TFT diagnostic and treatment procedures, performed by the first author, were then engaged while the subject was standing and attuned to her trauma. The diagnostic procedure utilized was Thought Directed Diagnosis (TDdx) developed by the first author (Diepold, Britt, Bender, 1998) to identify which acupuncture meridians were involved. Thought Directed Diagnosis allows for quick assessment of meridian alarm points without the need for physical contact beyond the wrist (while manual muscle-testing the arm [deltoid] as done in Applied Kinesiology). As each acupuncture meridian was diagnosed, treatments immediately followed by having the subject gently tap 5-7 times on the designated meridian treatment points. All acupoints were treated bilaterally (either simultaneously or in sequence) as there was clinical evidence of dissociation (Diepold, 1998).

The subject chose only to disclose to the treating author that the traumatic event occurred when she was 12 years old. On a 0 to 10 scale reflecting the subject's Subjective Units of Distress (SUD), where 0 is the absence of upset and 10 is the highest level of distress, the subject stated her level of distress to be "9". Upon commencement of treatment, the subject demonstrated a "Massive Psychological Reversal" whereby she muscle-tested weak to the statement "I want to be happy". This was corrected by the subject gently rubbing the Neurolymphatic Reflex (NLR) area on the upper left chest while stating the affirmation "I deeply accept myself with all my problems and limitations". The correction was verified as she then muscle-tested strong to the statement "I want to be happy" and weak to the statement "I want to be miserable". She also demonstrated a "Specific Psychological Reversal" when she muscle-tested weak to the statement "I want to be over this problem" and strong to the statement "I want to keep this problem". This correction was completed at the NLR area after it failed to correct at the Small Intestine treatment site. The correction was verified via muscle-testing as she now tested strong to wanting to be over the problem and weak to wanting to keep the problem.

All diagnosis and treatment was done while the subject was attuned to her problem. The diagnostic procedures revealed 3 specific treatment clusters (called "Holons"). The first Holon contained the following meridians in need of treatment: Bladder, Stomach, Kidney, and Circulation-Sex. After this sequence of designated acupoints was treated, a brief neurologic organizing procedure (9-Gamut ) was completed. Then this same sequence of acupoints was again treated in the same fashion. After this phase of treatment the subject reported that her SUD level had dropped to "6".

As treatment continued, the subject then demonstrated a "Mini-Psychological Reversal" as evidenced by muscle-testing weak to the statement "I want to be completely over this problem". Once again this energetic block to treatment was successfully removed at the NLR area after it failed to correct at the Small Intestine treatment site. This time, as the subject rubbed the NLR area, she stated the affirmation "I deeply accept myself even though I still have some of this problem". After muscle-test confirmation of the correction, she again completed the treatment procedures (Holon) of the previously diagnosed treatment sequence, 9-Gamut, and treatment sequence. After this phase of treatment the subject reported her SUD level to be "4".

The diagnostic and treatment procedures then continued to assess the next Holon to diagnose and treat meridians that were sustaining the balance of her subjective distress. This sequence of diagnosed meridians was Stomach, Spleen, Kidney, Heart, Kidney, Circulation-Sex, Kidney, Large Intestine, Kidney, Conception Vessel, and Governing Vessel. The corresponding treatment point for each diagnosed meridian was treated in the same manner as previously reported. The 9-Gamut treatments as well as repeat treatment of this newly diagnosed meridian sequence then followed. The SUD level was now down to"2". Another Holon involving the Stomach and Kidney meridians were then diagnosed and treated as in the above procedures. Upon completion of this treatment sequence, the subject reported her SUD level to be "0" indicating an absence of emotional distress when she thought about the flashback memory. Treatment was then completed with the floor to ceiling Eye Roll . The subject was then reconnected to the QEEG equipment for the post-treatment measurements.

Results

QEEG Baselines

After editing the baseline EEG data, 193 seconds remained. The QEEG results showed good test-retest reliability for all 4 measures (Coherence, Phase, Asymmetry, and Relative Power). These results are based on the comparison between the first condition A baseline with the second condition A baseline (A1 versus A2). The R² for Average Coherence was 97.5%; for Average Phase, the R² was 88.6%; for Average Asymmetry, the R² was 98.7%; for Relative Power, the R² was 94.5% for delta, 97.5% for theta, 97.4% for alpha and 95.2% for beta.

Analysis of the baseline data in condition A yielded the following:

1) The Coherence Measure showed 12 out of range values, all of which were in the direction of too high Coherence. There were more out of range values in the left hemisphere compared to the right (8 versus 4, respectively). There were 7 out of range values in beta, 2 in alpha, 0 in theta and 3 in delta.

2) The Phase Measure had 23 abnormal values. All of them were in the direction of too much delay. There were 10 in the left hemisphere, and 13 in the right hemisphere. There were 13 in beta, 10 in alpha, 0 in theta, 0 in delta.

3) The Asymmetry Measure showed 11 abnormal values. There were 9 in the right hemisphere and 2 in the left hemisphere. There were 4 in beta, 3 in alpha, 4 in theta, and 0 in delta.

4) The Relative Power Measure was normal with no out of range values. The trend was for above average delta and theta z-scores, below average alpha, and a mixture of above and below average beta.

In summary, this condition A baseline QEEG was normal in Relative Power, but abnormal in Coherence, Phase, and Asymmetry. However, these findings were consistent across both baseline assessments. The patient was taking medication and this could possibly influences her QEEG findings to an unknown degree.

QEEG Patterns Before TFT Treatment

To study the effect of thinking of the trauma (attuning the problematic thought field) on brain wave patterns, comparative analyses were completed on the QEEG results of conditions A2 and B3 before TFT treatment (C4). The results demonstrate statistically significant changes in brain wave activity when the patient was attuned to the trauma. The specific findings were as follows:

1) The Coherence Measure showed 5 statistically significant out of range values related to thinking about the trauma. All deviant values were in the beta range. Four were in the direction of a decrease in Coherence, and one was in the direction of an increase in Coherence. Four of the significant values were in the right hemisphere, and one was between the left and right hemispheres.

2) The Phase Measure had 3 statistically significant out of range values related to thinking about the trauma. All were in the direction of a decrease in delay. All were in the right hemisphere.

3) The Asymmetry Measure was unaffected regarding statistically significant changes related to thinking about the trauma.

4) The Relative Power measure did not evidence significant changes related to thinking about the trauma. However, a trend was evident for an increase in alpha and beta over the entire scalp, and for a decrease in theta and delta over the entire scalp.

While thinking of the trauma (condition B3), the patient was observed to breathe faster, shorter and with more effort. She later reported that she was having a hard time "staying grounded" (not dissociating). Accordingly, the observations and verbal reports of the patient support the QEEG data.

QEEG Changes After TFT Treatment

Comparative analyses were again completed to examine brain wave patterns when the patient was thinking of the trauma after completion of the TFT treatment. This was accomplished by comparing the QEEG results of pre-treatment conditions A2 and B3 with post-treatment conditions A5 and B6. The findings are as follows:

1) There were few statistically significant changes observed between QEEG readings of pre (A2) and post (A5) treatment condition A. Specifically, the brain wave patterns taken while thinking of things other than the trauma evidenced few changes when compared pre and post TFT treatment. There were two significant findings in the phase results.

2) Several statistically significant changes were observed between QEEG readings of pre (B3) and post (B6) treatment condition B. Specifically, the brain wave patterns taken while thinking of the trauma after TFT treatment (B6) revealed more normal QEEG results (A5) when compared to pre-treatment results. When pre and post treatment condition B was evaluated by property, the following changes were found:

a) The post-treatment Coherence Measure revealed no statistical abnormalities. This compares to 5 out of range values found in the pre-treatment condition.

b) The post-treatment Phase Measure had one out of range value compared to 3 out of range values in the pre-treatment condition. This one deviant value, like the 3 pre-treatment deviant values, was in the direction of a decrease in delay, was in the right hemisphere, and was in the theta range.

c) The post-treatment Asymmetry Measure revealed no statistical abnormalities, and was consistent with the pre-treatment findings.

d) The post-treatment Relative Power Measure revealed no out of range values. The trend, however, was for an increase in delta and theta, and a decrease in beta and alpha. By comparison, the pre-treatment trend was completely opposite.

Observing the patient thinking of the trauma post-treatment did not reveal the previously observed changes in breathing pattern. The patient did not report or seem as though she were struggling to stay grounded.

18-Month Follow-up

Follow-up inquiry found that the patient reported being completely free of all flashback memories of the treated traumatic event since being treated only once with TFT. She also continued to be free of all emotional distress regarding the traumatic event, even when asked to think about it, more than 18 months post TFT treatment.

Summary

The QEEG demonstrated reliability as a test-retest measure. The QEEG patterns when thinking of the trauma before TFT diagnosis and treatment were different than the QEEG patterns when thinking of the trauma after TFT treatment. As identified by QEEG, statistically abnormal brain wave patterns were observed when this woman thought about a trauma compared to thinking about a neutral (baseline) event. Re-assessment of brain wave patterns (to the traumatic memory) immediately after Thought Field Therapy (TFT) diagnosis and treatment revealed that the previous abnormal pattern was altered, and no longer statistically abnormal. An 18-month follow-up indicated that the patient continued to be free of all emotional upset regarding the treated trauma. This case study supports the concept that trauma-based negative emotions do have a correlated and measurable abnormal energetic effect. In addition, this study objectively identified an immediate energetic change after TFT in the direction of normalcy and health, which has persisted.

Discussion

In psychotherapy the blend of healer-helper and scientist can be a strange mix. Both are necessary. However, there are seemingly different needs to be met before a new psychotherapy can join the mainstream of therapist utilization.

The practice of psychotherapy is ever changing. In some groups of the psychological community this change is welcomed and quickly integrated into practice. In other groups this change comes extraordinarily slow. For some therapists, patient outcome reports and anecdotal case studies of treatment success are all that is needed to pursue training and begin employing a new psychotherapy intervention. For others, such reports by patients and therapists could never be enough because there is a lack of controlled science to evaluate efficacy in the early stages of development. For the former group, the patient results stand on their own merit. For the latter group, the need for statistical and bio-psychological explanations and correlates are the deciding factors. Then there is the need for replication studies and the blind and double blind studies across gender, generation and culture. The scientific beat must go on. However, advancements in rapid psychotherapy interventions, to reduce the suffering of patients entrusted to our care, must also go on until science catches up. This report is intended to serve as a plank in the bridge connecting science with rapid psychotherapeutic changes involving Thought Field Therapy and the treatment of trauma.

The results are consistent with two hypotheses, which are fundamental in TFT. The first one involves the concept of a thought field. When the patient was thinking of the trauma, there was a measurable change in the EEG pattern compared to thinking of a neutral event. This supports the requirement in TFT that all diagnosis and treatment be conducted while the person is attuned to his or her problem. The second hypothesis involves the impact of TFT on the individual's emotional and physiological states. This patient reported complete elimination of emotional upset when thinking about a trauma even though the memory for the trauma remained intact. Furthermore, her changed EEG patterns and behaviors post-treatment reflected her subjective experience of being free of the emotional turmoil. It is now quantifiably evident that TFT has a simultaneous mind-body effect that is stable over time regarding the resolution of traumatic experience. These findings and observations are consistent with the multitude of anecdotal clinician and patient reports regarding the quick and effective impact of TFT.

The fact that there is a measurable change in the QEEG patterns when thinking about a trauma is interesting. While the TFT treatment procedures involved peripheral treatment points on the body, there was a central brain change reflected in the QEEG. Furthermore, there were changes in the Coherence property, which is usually thought of as being a rather stable QEEG property.

In that the QEEG measurements were taken while she was thinking of a particular trauma, it is not possible to say whether the EEG changes observed were specific to the content of that particular trauma or a reflection of a general EEG pattern for the patient when thinking about any trauma. Future research is encouraged to help make this determination, as it would be useful in furthering our understanding of trauma and individual differences.

The patient was also asked to give SUD ratings for other traumas. These untreated traumas remained high in her report of experienced distress. This points to the specificity of the TFT treatment as all procedures were completed while she was attuned to the specific trauma. While there was relief from the specific trauma worked on, there was an absence of relief on the others. If general stress reduction were the only thing at work, one would not expect such specificity.

The TFT diagnosis and treatment only took 20 minutes. The patient had suffered from this trauma all of her life and ultimately contributed to a suicide attempt and hospitalization. In conventional therapy, this trauma was discussed for at least two sessions before the TFT treatment. She would cry and found it hard to even calm herself down when discussing it during these sessions. The rapidity of the reduction in the SUD level after treatment with TFT, and the duration of the relief, is remarkable compared to traditional psychotherapeutic methods.

Much therapy work remains to be done with this patient. TFT will serve as a powerful and humane therapeutic tool to reduce her intense negative emotions associated with other past traumas and ongoing life challenges. By utilizing TFT, the patient will no longer be pushed to her limit of coping. As a result, she will be less likely to inflict self-harm and progress more quickly through her life difficulties and associated negative emotions. She will be better able to discuss and process traumatic events without emotional upset as there is cognitive clarity that accompanies successful TFT. This should also help her move towards spontaneous integration of the resource/alter identities, which emerged as a result of her early traumatic experiences.

It is the authors' hope that this research case study, along with future larger studies that will follow, will encourage even the skeptical psychologist colleagues to embrace TFT as a viable psychotherapy worthy of learning, research funding, and professional continuing education credits.

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